Introduction

We operate from a place where love has already won and the rivers run free for everyone

About us

Riverlov is a grassroots initiative sparked by the urgent need to protect the last remaining free flowing rivers in the Balkans. At Riverlov activists, ecologists and lawyers in Montenegro came together to spark civic engagement and build strategies for long lasting change that address the root causes of the destruction of our last wild rivers. The campaign is running under the NGO Montenegrin Ecology Society, the main organisation in Montenegro for river protection since 2012.

In 2024 we are focusing on the rivers Tara, Moraca, and Komanica in Montenegro. The mission is to stop all further dam developments and advocate for a wild river national park. Our main activities include community organizing, education and awareness, advocacy and lobbying, direct action and building network and alliances across the Balkans and the rest of Europe. We want everyone to fall in love with river protection and the last wild rivers in Europe!

Why?

A battle is unfolding. Fresh water will be the most valuable resource in the near future, and it will define our collective survival in the face of climate change. The pristine rivers in the Balkans are one of the largest freshwater resources and biodiversity hotspots in Europe. However these rivers are facing an imminent threat - The Hydro Power Gold Rush.

In the heart of the Balkans, where 100-200,000km of freshwater rivers and streams still flow freely, 3,500 proposed dam developments are being pushed forward by hydro lobbyists. These pristine rivers face imminent destruction. On the ground, local movements are mobilizing, joining forces with scientists to halt the march of these dam projects. Victories and losses are both part of this struggle. An escalating awareness is gripping local populations, compelling them to rise in defense of their beloved rivers, urging politicians to heed their call. Meanwhile, dam projects persist under the misleading guise of "green renewable energy," concealing the inconvenient truth.

Dams are proving to be an increasingly unreliable and destructive energy source. They not only obliterate precious ecosystems but also uproot local communities, with irreversible consequences. Despite their ecological havoc, dams persist due to an "old perspective" extolling their energy efficiency. Their real virtue lies in profit-making. As European rivers exhaust damming possibilities, the entire lobby has shifted its gaze to the Balkans. Many rush to secure permits, knowing this pursuit will enrich their coffers. A river runs free for everyone, nurturing the communities it touches and creating flourishing biodiversity as it makes its way through the landscape. The moment a dam is built, the river runs solely for the investors pockets. Making one investor rich, while millions are left with the bad sides of acidic water basins, and species extinction.

What makes the hydro sector even more crazy is that governments and utility companies spearheading new hydropower projects seem to ignore a critical factor — most Balkan countries have been reported to already exhibit an over-dependence on hydropower. Moreover, the hydropower sector is increasingly susceptible to risks and climate vulnerability.

We propose an alternative energy solution by integrating more sustainable options like solar, wind, and geothermal power. This approach can not only power nations but also allow the last wild rivers to flow freely. The Balkan countries are all at very different stages of their energy transitions but what they all have in common is that their sustainable solar and wind potential has not yet been utilised, nor has their energy efficiency potential. Priority should be given to building renewable installations on artificial and built surfaces, such as rooftops, transport infrastructure areas, parking areas, waste sites, industrial sites, mines, artificial inland water bodies and degraded land not usable for agriculture.In addition to the power sector, all the countries could use solar thermal, heat pumps and heat storage to a much greater extent, including in their district heating systems. Geothermal is also worth exploring in cases where it does not emit high levels of greenhouse gases.

The truth is that dams offer a highly lucrative business to its investors. Going for an alternative is against their interest. The hydro dam epidemic that is currently running havoc in the Balkans, is fuelled by the lobbyists that ran out of rivers to dam in the rest of Europe. Now they look towards the Balkans, where the last rivers remain. Instead, the Balkans could be the country at the cutting edge of new technologies and energy solutions, paving the way for the rest of Europe.

In the near future, freshwater will be the most valuable resource. Safeguarding our waters from privatization is not just a priority; it's a matter of national security. Wild rivers serve as vital arteries, nurturing forests, and creating resilient zones in the face of climate change. They act as carbon sinks and biodiversity hotspots. Should development plans proceed unchecked, almost no river would remain free-flowing. The allure of immense profits, particularly for the concrete and construction industry, continues to sway governments into ill-advised agreements. In 1991, Montenegro declared itself an ecological state, a pledge that demands serious action now.

It's time for politicians and governments to uphold their commitment and protect the common good — the rivers that belong to everyone. Together, we can ensure the preservation of our rivers. Read on to discover how you can take part.

Our Goals & Strategy:

Our Goals:

Stop Komarnica dam development.
6k+ signatures for policy change for river protection in Montenegro towards the next wild river national park.
Civic engagement and widespread awareness about the importance of wild rivers locally and globally.

Our Strategy:

Community Organising:
Building connections within local communities. Mobilizing people to become actively involved in the movement. Holding community meetings and events to raise awareness.
Education and Awareness:
Conducting workshops, seminars, and informational sessions. Distributing literature to inform the public about the cause. Using social media and other communication channels to spread information.
Advocacy and Lobbying:
Engaging with local policymakers and authorities. Advocating for policy changes or reforms. Lobbying for legislative actions at the grassroots level. Garner public support with 6k+ signatures in Montenegro, advocating for the establishment of Wild River National Parks.
Direct Action:
Organizing a protest - educative camp at Komarnica, protests, marches, and demonstrations.
Biological Analysis & Alternative Energy Solutions:
Gather scientific analysis on the biological diversity of rivers and present innovative energy solutions to the Montenegrin government.
Media Engagement:
Engaging with traditional media outlets to gain coverage. Utilizing social media platforms to share updates and garner support. Creating and disseminating multimedia content to tell the movement's story.
Network:
Form alliances with a diverse range of experts, scientists, organizations, and NGOs to strengthen the collective effort to save the world's rivers.

2024 Action Plan:

Komarnica Camp Protest (1 - 5 May 2024):
Host a Camp as a Protest for Komarnica River. Feature educational sessions, art, civil engagement activities, a concert, outdoor river events and media campaigns.
Community Engagement:
Conduct on-the-ground initiatives around Komarnica, Morača, and Tara River. Facilitate workshops, distribute literature, and organize community meetings.
Online Campaign Launch:
Collaborate with media partners for information dissemination. Share stories, mobilize support, and launch video education series in Montenegrin and English.
Media Outreach:
Secure coverage in local Montenegrin news. Generate media buzz to reach a target of at least 300,000 Montenegrin residents.
Energy Analysis:
Overall Energy Analysis for Montenegro Undertake an overall analysis of the Komarnica Case Study.
Legal & Policy Analysis:
Publish a research analysis of the legal and policy landscape in Montenegro.
Wild River National Park Advocacy:
Garner 6,000+ signatures for the Wild River National Park proposition. Present the proposition to the parliament for consideration.
Art Exhibition:
Organize an art exhibition in Berlin and Montenegro. Showcase the beauty and significance of wild rivers through art.
NGO Network Strengthening:
Strengthen connections within the Balkan network of NGOs. Foster collaboration and shared efforts for river conservation.
European Waters Confluence:
Participate in the confluence of European waters. Engage in discussions and collaborations for broader environmental impact.

What we have done so far

Montenegrin Ecologists Society/ Crnogorsko Društvo Ekologa was Established in Montenegro in 2012, it stands as a leading organisation dedicated to ecology and environmental protection:

Komarnica Campaign:
Led a campaign opposing the construction of a new dam at Komarnica in both 2022 and 2023. Is the main establisher of the “Save Komarnica” initiative together with other NGOs and individuals.
Educational Camp and Protest:
Organized educational camps and protests at Komarnica in both 2022 and 2023. Article by Euronatur
Bern Convention Complaint:
Filed a complaint with the Bern Convention in April 2022, alleging Montenegro's failure to protect the Komarnica Emerald Site and assess the project's impacts adequately.
Direct Advocacy:
Presented river conservation strategies directly to the Montenegrin government and the prime minister in spring 2023, as well as to the representative of the Directorate of the Environment of EU Commission in Brussels in winter 2023.
River Summits and Conferences:
Presented Komarnica case at the European River Summit in Brussels in 2022, and will present scientific evidence of the importance of Komarnica at the Free Flow Conference in The Netherlands in April 2024. Presented Komarnica case on the conferences, such as Razbistravanje in Belgrade, 2022 and at the Biodiversity and Nature Conservation in the Western Balkans in Munchen.
Scientific research in Komarnica canyon:
Were hosts to the Biodiversity Survey expedition as well as Taxon Expeditions that researched Komarnica in summer 2023, resulting in the Komarnica biodiversity preliminary report (full report is expected in February 2024): https:

Scientific research will be deepened in summer 2024 by Taxon expeditions as well as within the programme of student research camps.

RiverLov was established in 2023 and joined forces with MES to expand the grassroots movement for river protection in Montenegro:

European Network of Water Bodies:
One of the participating waters of the European Confluence of Waters advocating for the Rights of Nature across nine European countries.
Sensor Partnerships:
Formed partnerships with sensor experts to pioneer a river health monitoring system integrated with AI. AI Chat for Rivers: Introduced the first-of-its-kind AI chat for rivers, facilitating communication with real-time river data.
Science Week Participation:
Actively participated in Science Week at Neretva in 2023, contributing to data collection for preventing additional dam constructions.
Symbiotic Lab Collaboration:
Initiated collaboration with the Symbiotic Lab and Spree Berlin to advance the river sensor project, demonstrating commitment to environmental innovation.
Legal Landscape Analysis:
Assembled a legal team conducting a comprehensive legal landscape analysis in Montenegro, strategically formulating legal approaches for effective river conservation.

Our Team

We are an ecosystem of lawyers, activists, storytellers, and scientists united by a common purpose: ushering in a new era of river conservation. Our community continues to flourish, and we're eager to welcome more individuals who share love for rivers. Our ecosystem thrives on collaboration and shared commitment. If you're passionate about river conservation, we invite you to join our growing family.

Meet the driving forces behind our mission:
Marijana Lemm - Co-founder
Jasmine Alakari - Co-founder
Marina Mijusković - Environmental Lawyer
Jelena Popović - Biologist & CEO of MES
Andrijana Mićanović – Biologist of MES
Leon Lapa Pereira - Creative Producer
Lily Bognuda - Videographer
Jacob Kukula - Co-developer
Danilo Olivaz - Sensor Technology
Dr Stefan Anđus - Hydrobioligist

Our Advisors

Ulrich Eichelman - CEO of Riverwatch
Oljam Dervishi - Environmental Engineer
Eduardo Salazar - Environmental Lawyer
Leijla Kusturica - CEO of ACT
Sesie Bonsi - Lawyer & CEO of Blue
Urim Xharavina (Executive Director at Let's Do It Peja)
Zoe Lujic - CEO of Earth
Christiane Bosman - Director communication at Embassy of the North Sea
Carolijn Terwindt - Curator European network

Our River Collaborators

Cecylia Malik - River Sisters Poland
Léa Serrana Corbière - Global Alliance of the Rights of Nature
Samantha Novella - Nature Rights
Pietro Consolandi - 21 academy
Erena Rangimarie Rhose - Maori Delegate
Teresa Conesa - Mar Manore

Our Art Collaborators

Mauro Martino - founder & director of the Visual Artificial Intelligence Lab at IBM Research Markus Mueller - Director of 21st Century orchestra William Russell - CEO and Director MONOM Alessandra de Negri - Partnerships MONOM Riccardo Acciarino - producer Sabre sensors & WILD RIVER Jo Vavra - founder lios Labs & co-producer WILD RIVER

Our Collaborators

LOCAL: Montenegrin Ecologists Society (MES), Nature Lovers (MNE), ACT (Bosnia), Earth Thrive (Serbia), Aarhus (Bosnia), Organizacija KOD (Montenegro), RESU - Reinforce Sustainability NGO (Albania), Let's Do It Peja (Kosovo), POKRET SOLIDARNOSTI (Montenegro), Nikta (MNE), Balkan river net, Nikšić Young Ecologists’ Association, Institute for Biological Research at University of Belgrade,

GLOBAL: Riverwatch (Austria), EuroNatur (Germany), European Network of Waters (EU), GARN (Global Alliance of the Rights of Nature), River Sisters (Poland), Natural Rights (France), River Collective (Austria), Embassy of the North Sea (Holland), Threefold (Belgium) Ocean Space (Venice), Julie’s Bicycle (UK), School of Commons (Switzerland), MEET Digital Culture Center (Italy), LIOSLAB (Germany), Nature Rights (France), MONOM (Berlin)

About Dams

The Dam Truth: Unveiling the Dam Reality

In the shadows of seemingly noble pursuits for "clean and sustainable energy," the truth behind the relentless construction of dams is obscured by a veil of profit-driven motives. Dams are contributing to species extinction, displace communities worldwide, and worsen climate change.

Here's why it's time to unravel the concealed realities:

Profit Over Sustainability:
- Dams have become lucrative ventures for investors seeking financial gains, often at the expense of environmental and social well-being. The construction of dams is fueled by profit-driven interests, turning once pristine rivers into channels for wealth accumulation.
Lack of Public Awareness:
- The perpetuation of dam construction relies on keeping the public in the dark. Deliberate efforts to suppress awareness and education about the true environmental and social costs of dams serve the interests of those who profit from these projects.
Outdated Energy Paradigm:
- Despite advancements in alternative energy sources, the push for dams persists based on outdated notions. Contrary to the perception of dams as a sustainable energy solution, evolving data highlights their inefficiency and ecological devastation, rendering them obsolete in the current energy landscape.
Systemic Corruption in the Balkans:
- Montenegro's political and economic landscape is marred by corruption, further exacerbating the dam dilemma. The manipulation of systems allows for the unchecked advancement of dam projects, often at the expense of transparent governance and ecological integrity.
Monopoly on River Resources:
- Rivers, which inherently belong to everyone, face exploitation when investors enter the scene. Once a dam is erected, the river ceases to flow for the collective benefit and begins serving the exclusive pockets of the investor, perpetuating a cycle of environmental degradation.
Balkan Dam Epidemic:
- The Balkans, home to over 3,500 proposed dam projects, stands on the precipice of an environmental catastrophe. This impending dam boom threatens not only the ecological balance but also the livelihoods and access to clean drinking water for millions, all to fill the coffers of a select few.
- It's time to shatter the illusions, expose the vested interests, and demand transparency. The rivers that run free should remain the lifeblood of communities, not tools for profit.
Dams & Diversions:
- In the Balkans, over 91% of the 3,000 proposed dam projects involve small hydropower diversion dams, diverting and, in some cases, entirely draining stretches of rivers. Studies reveal that the cumulative impact of multiple small diversions often surpasses that of a single large dam, posing severe threats to ecosystems.
Over-dependence on Hydro:
- What makes the hydro sector even more crazy is that governments and utility companies spearheading new hydropower projects seem to ignore a critical factor
- most Balkan countries have been reported to already exhibit an over-dependence on hydropower.
Increasing climate change vulnerability:
- Moreover, the hydropower sector is increasingly susceptible to risks and climate vulnerability.

The Hydro Dam Gold Rush in the 7os

The Hydro Dam Gold Rush: Shaping Modern Beliefs

In the '70s, the world witnessed a rush for hydro dams, fueled by dreams of clean energy. This rush didn't just bring economic changes; it planted ideas that still influence how we see dams today.

The 1970s Hydro Dam Gold Rush: The Start
Back in the 1970s, everyone wanted to tap into river power. Governments and big companies, drawn by the promise of 'green' energy, went on a dam-building spree. Their goal? To get a cleaner and seemingly endless power supply.

Effects on Today's Hydro Dam Talk: Echoes of the Gold Rush
The consequences of this rush still affect us. Back then, it was sold as an answer to environmental worries, but oddly, it set the stage for constant lobbying and a strong belief that dams are the cure for our energy needs.

Building the Belief System: Sustainability in Concrete
In the '70s, dams were seen as symbols of progress that's good for the environment. This image stuck with us. Even though we now know dams have costs, the idea that hydropower is green became part of our thinking.

The Story We Live With Today: Dams as Green Icons
The hydro dam gold rush created a story where dams, despite causing environmental problems, are seen as icons of clean energy. Lobbying, pushed by big money, keeps this story going, often hiding other, less harmful energy choices.

Today's Struggles: Dealing with the Legacy
Now, we're dealing with the legacy of thinking of hydropower as a perfect solution. As we fight climate change and try to save the environment, we need to understand the history of the 1970s and rethink how we see dams today.

Unraveling the Gold Rush: Understanding Our Present

By digging into the history of the hydro dam gold rush, we can better see why things are complicated today. This journey through time shows us the tricky details of a story that, even though it started in a different time, still affects our views on dams and green energy.

Global Phenomenon: The '70s Hydro Dam Gold Rush
This wasn't just a local thing; it was a global phenomenon. Countries all over the world were searching for new energy because of worries about oil and damage to the environment. Key moments in this gold rush include:

Where It Started and Spread:
North America: It began in the U.S. in the 1930s, with a renewed push in the '70s. Europe: Early '70s energy crisis made countries like the UK turn to hydropower. Impact of Wars: Wars, like the Yom Kippur War (1973), made hydro dams more attractive due to increased oil prices.
Environmental Disasters and Awareness:
1975 - Banqiao Dam (China): Catastrophic failure caused huge flooding and around 171,000 deaths. Environmental Awareness: Late '70s and early '80s saw more attention to the environmental impacts, especially in developed nations.
Anti-Dam Movement:
1970s - 1980s: People started protesting against specific dams. Activists like David Brower fought against projects like the Echo Park Dam in the U.S. 1980s - 1990s: The movement grew globally, with campaigns against large projects like the Narmada Dam in India.
Lobbyists and Profits:
International Institutions: Organizations like the World Bank played a big part in funding dam projects. Corporate Interests: Private companies in dam construction, like Bechtel and Fluor, lobbied for policies they liked. Political Connections: Well-connected people often influenced dam projects. For example, in Indonesia, the government and private companies worked together.
Economic Considerations:
Profits: Even though people talked a lot about the money dams could make, they often didn't talk enough about the environmental and social costs. Financial Issues: Going over budget was common. The Three Gorges Dam in China, started in the '90s, had big cost overruns.
Paradigm Shift:
Late 20th Century: In the late 20th century, things changed. People started noticing the environmental impacts more. The '80s and '90s had more questioning and opposition to big dam projects.
Notable Figures:
David Brower: An important person in the early anti-dam movement. His activism helped cancel the Echo Park Dam. The hydro dam gold rush left us with a mix of economic benefits and environmental worries. The awareness from that time helps us understand the effects of big dam construction on nature and communities.

About Rivers

Healthy Rivers and why we need them

Rivers, in their natural state, are crucial for both people and animals. They are the lifeblood of ecosystems, playing a key role in supporting various aspects of our lives.

Nourishment and Sustenance:
Healthy rivers are vital for fertile lands, ensuring good crops to feed communities. They support agriculture, providing essential nutrients for a successful harvest that feeds people.
Potable Water Supply:
Free-flowing rivers are primary sources of drinking water, ensuring access to clean water that is crucial for human survival.
Climate Resilience:
Healthy rivers act as natural buffers against extreme weather, helping to absorb excess water during floods and release it during dry spells, which contributes to mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health:
Pristine rivers support diverse ecosystems, fostering biodiversity and maintaining the delicate balance of nature, from aquatic life to flora and fauna along their banks.
Community Vibrancy:
Communities thrive when their rivers are healthy. Rivers offer opportunities for recreation, tourism, and economic activities, contributing to the overall well-being of people.

Why Rivers Matter

Rivers are crucial for human well-being, but many are at risk, impacting their ability to provide essential services. To better engage decision-makers in river conservation, we need to understand the relationship between river health and the benefits for society.

Key Insights:

Sustainable river management requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The 'water sector' needs to be central to policymaking.
Costs and benefits of river development should be carefully considered.
Recognizing ecosystems as vital for water security is essential.

Rivers at Risk

Despite their importance, many rivers are threatened by pollution, dams, and diversions. Only a small percentage of long rivers remain free-flowing. Dams, in particular, can lead to greenhouse gas emissions and disrupt nutrient transfers.

Benefits of Healthy Rivers:

Clean Drinking Water:
The condition of rivers directly affects the quality of drinking water.
Preservation of Cultures:
Rivers play central roles in cultures and traditions worldwide.
Wildlife Conservation:
Healthy rivers support diverse wildlife and biodiversity.
Economic Boost:
Recreational activities around rivers contribute significantly to the economy.
Flood Control:
Maintaining natural river flows helps control flooding.
Climate Change Mitigation:
Free-flowing rivers can help fight climate change by reducing methane emissions.
Sustainable Food Source:
Rivers provide food for communities, supporting livelihoods.

Conclusion

Recognizing and safeguarding the health of our rivers is crucial. It's not just an environmental imperative but a commitment to a sustainable and harmonious coexistence with the world around us. Policymakers worldwide need to act swiftly and ambitiously to protect and restore free-flowing rivers.

Resource: Working paper on “How do healthy rivers benefit society? A review of the evidence” by Helen Parker and Naomi Oates, commissioned by WWF-UK.

Dams in the Balkans

Content:

Why the Balkans?

Why the Balkans?

Unveiling the challenges of hydropower in the Balkans

The rivers in southeast Europe are the most valuable and intact rivers in Europe. They also harbour Europe’s highest concentration of endemic fish species. From the amazing sinking rivers of the Dinaric karst, to some of the world’s deepest and wildest canyons, to the last remaining European free-flowing large rivers, they are the hotspot for the continent’s freshwater biodiversity. So why does the Balkans, with its breathtaking landscapes, witness a surge in hydropower projects? Home to 100-200,000 km of freshwater rivers and streams, it now stands at a critical crossroads. With 1,726 hydropower plants already operational, 108 in progress, and a whopping 3,281 in the pipeline, the region is witnessing a surge in dam development that raises serious questions about its economic motives, environmental impact, and policy challenges.Traditionally entwined with coal, hydropower has long been a mainstay in the power systems of Southeast Europe. This trend persists, especially in countries like Albania, Montenegro, and Croatia, where hydropower claims a significant share.

Over the last two decades, the region has witnessed a proliferation of 'small' hydropower plants, each under 10 megawatts, often nestled in protected or ecologically sensitive areas. However, the journey to build larger, greenfield hydropower plants, surpassing the 10 MW mark, has been fraught with challenges. Only Albania and Slovenia have succeeded in such endeavors.

Despite this, ambitious plans for new large hydropower projects persist, siphoning resources away from potentially faster and more economically viable alternatives. Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular, maintains its ambitious stance, although it hasn't completed a single greenfield large hydropower plant in the last decade.

This brief unveils the risks associated with hydropower projects in Southeast Europe, painting a challenging future due to climate vulnerability, unique biodiversity, legal complexities, public resistance, and financing issues. It contends that the region's pursuit of hydropower will become increasingly difficult. Moreover, it suggests investments with lower risks that can guide the region towards a more sustainable energy system.

The reliance on hydropower in the Western Balkans is evident, constituting around one-third of electricity generation from 2010 to 2020. Albania, for instance, is almost entirely hydropower-dependent for domestic generation, while Montenegro relies on it for around 50 percent of its electricity. Bosnia and Herzegovina leans on hydropower for about a third of its electricity generation.

As renewable energy gained political traction in the late 1990s and early 2000s at the EU level, Southeast European nations perceived it as an opportunity to expand hydropower. Familiarity with this energy source, coupled with estimates of massive untapped potential, fueled their enthusiasm. However, these claims often rely on outdated estimates, revealing a time when rainfall was more predictable, opposition was scarce, and knowledge about the region's biodiversity was limited.

The past 15 to 20 years witnessed the construction of hundreds of 'small' hydropower plants, each under 10 MW. These projects, often spurred by feed-in tariff schemes, wreaked havoc on rivers and streams, especially in protected areas. However, as these schemes are phased out, interest in such projects is waning.

In contrast, endeavors to build larger greenfield hydropower plants (above 10 MW) have been met with limited success, with only Albania and Slovenia achieving this feat. Albania has added over 600 MW of large hydropower since 2010, while Slovenia has successfully built several plants. Other Southeast European nations have mostly contributed smaller plants that contribute minimally to the overall electricity supply.

Despite these challenges and a low success rate, plans for new large hydropower projects persist, particularly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This not only diverts resources but also impedes the development of quicker and more economic alternatives.

The region faces a critical juncture — either continue down a path laden with environmental, social, and economic risks or explore alternative, more sustainable energy solutions. The annex provides profiles of nine particularly high-risk projects, urging a reconsideration of the region's energy trajectory.

The question remains: Will the Balkans forge ahead with hydropower, facing intensifying challenges, or embrace alternatives for a more balanced and sustainable energy future?

Resource: Why hydropower in southeast Europe is a risky investment

Historical Significance:

Hydropower, entwined with coal, has long been a cornerstone of Southeast Europe's power systems, prominently featuring in the Western Balkan countries. This dynamic duo, alongside other sources, fueled approximately one-third of electricity in the Western Balkans from 2010 to 2020. Albania stands out, almost entirely dependent on hydropower, while Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina rely on it for approximately 50 percent and one-third of their electricity generation, respectively. Other regional players like North Macedonia, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia also exhibit varying degrees of dependence on hydropower.

Political Shifts and Renewable Energy:

As the EU championed the development of renewable energy in the late 1990s and early 2000s, Southeast European governments saw it as an opportunity to expand hydropower. Familiarity with this energy source, coupled with estimates of untapped potential, fueled their enthusiasm. Governments often claim regions with high untapped hydropower potential, relying on outdated estimates from a time when factors like rainfall were more predictable, opposition was limited, and the region's biodiversity was less understood.

Small-Scale Hydropower Onslaught:

The past 15 to 20 years witnessed the proliferation of 'small' hydropower plants, each under 10 MW, wreaking environmental havoc on rivers and streams. Fueled by feed-in tariff schemes, these projects often encroached upon protected areas and highly sensitive habitats. As these tariff schemes are phased out in most countries, interest in such projects has dwindled. Challenges in Large-Scale Hydropower Endeavors: Attempts to construct greenfield hydropower plants exceeding 10 MW faced significant hurdles, with only Albania and Slovenia successfully navigating these challenges. Albania, for instance, has added over 600 MW of large hydropower, while Slovenia has accomplished the construction of several plants. In contrast, other countries in Southeast Europe primarily contributed smaller plants that made minimal contributions to the overall electricity supply. Bosnia and Herzegovina, although ambitious, failed to complete a single greenfield large hydropower plant in the last decade.

A Looming Surge:

Despite a low success rate, the region faces a surge of over 3,500 planned hydropower plants, driven by economic motives and outdated policies. The allure of "Clean, Green Hydropower Dams" is debunked. The question emerges: Are the perceived gains from these projects, which pose a significant toll on the environment, justified? Particularly when viable alternatives like solar and wind exist.

Global Perspective on Alternatives:

Globally, renewable wind and solar energy outshine small-scale hydropower in job creation, with four to five times the employment opportunities. Notably, 91% of hydropower projects in the Balkans, including many diversion dams, produce minimal energy and have substantial adverse impacts. In contrast, wind and solar projects offer quicker construction timelines and average cost overruns of less than 10%, making them more efficient and less prone to corruption. As the Balkans stand at this critical juncture, grappling with the impending surge of hydropower projects, the need to reconsider energy strategies becomes paramount. The path chosen will determine the fate of the region's rivers, biodiversity, and the overall well-being of its communities.

Community Uprising against the Dams in the Balkans

Local Backlash and Economic Impact:

Considerable financial resources are often invested in project preparation, only to encounter vehement community protests, legal battles, and blockades at later stages. Many residents directly rely on rivers for their livelihoods, supporting agricultural activities, animal welfare, fishing, tourism, and drinking water. Hydropower plant construction significantly intrudes into these rural communities, disrupting their traditional way of life.

Unprecedented Public Opposition:

Hydropower has become a lightning rod for public opposition across Southeast Europe, drawing widespread resistance. In several instances along the Vrbas, Una, and Neretva (Konjic) in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Mavrovo National Park in North Macedonia, and the Vjosa in Albania, successful public resistance halted projects before reaching physical confrontation. Notably, resistance in what is now Montenegro thwarted the construction of an expanded version of the Buk Bijela dam in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the 1970s and again in 2004 and 2005.

Activists Facing Challenges:

Public opposition has not only stopped projects but has also resulted in arrests, lawsuits, fines, and violence against activists defending the region's rivers. Instances of successful opposition include actions at the Željeznica, Kruščica, and Neretvica rivers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Stara Planina area of Serbia, the Bukovica and Bare Kraljske cases in Montenegro, and the Lumbardhi case in Kosovo.

Risky Permitting Approaches:

Authorities often adopt a risky permitting approach, displaying excessive flexibility in applying environmental and planning laws to hydropower and energy sector projects. While initially advantageous for investors, this approach poses a high risk. Poor application of rules makes it easier for local communities and environmental watchdog organizations to initiate legal action. Despite the lack of expertise and, at times, independence in regional courts, NGOs have frequently won cases, compelling a reset of environmental impact assessment (EIA) or other permitting procedures.

Shift in International Financing Landscape:

A decade ago, international financial institutions, including the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the World Bank, contemplated financing several large hydropower projects in the region. However, the situation has evolved. To the best of our knowledge, the EBRD and European Investment Bank (EIB) no longer entertain the idea of financing any hydropower projects in the region, even small ones. In early 2022, the EIB significantly tightened biodiversity rules, further complicating the financing prospects for greenfield hydropower projects. Germany's KfW also withdrew financing for the Janjići plant on the river Bosna in Bosnia and Herzegovina in early 2022.

Why Montenegro?

Unveiling the threat to Europe’s biodiversity haven

Montenegro, a hidden gem in Europe, boasts the highest biodiversity per square meter on the continent. While its ecosystems remain relatively intact, the recent surge in development poses an escalating threat to its natural wonders. Currently undergoing significant political shifts, Montenegro's landscape is evolving from three decades of dominance under Milo Đukanović's leadership, a new prime minister has taken the reins.

Despite being declared an ecological state in 1991, Montenegro faces a paradox. Hydrodam development, deemed "renewable" under EU legislation, is permitted, setting the stage for an environmental conundrum. The pressure to meet sustainable development goals adds complexity, mandating a specific budget allocation annually. Instead of a seamless transition to the future, Montenegro grapples with these challenges.

The general population, however, remains largely unaware of the extraordinary richness of their natural surroundings. The pervasive desire to emulate Western ideals often eclipses the potential for a distinct and superior approach to environmental preservation. If the people understood that their rivers, sold for profit by politicians, are vanishing along with local communities' livelihoods, a groundswell of opposition could emerge. Behind closed doors, decisions are made that impact the very essence of Montenegro—it's time to bring these truths to light.

Case Study: Komarnica Dam

Unveiling Komarnica Hydropower Plant:

Positioned 45 kilometers upstream from the existing 342 MW Piva power plant, the Komarnica hydropower plant envisions a 171-meter-high concrete arch dam and a 17.6-kilometer-long reservoir. Operating as a peaking plant, it anticipates an annual electricity generation of 213 GWh, a stark contrast to the Piva plant's average of 860 GWh, also in peaking mode.

Questionable Need and Environmental Vulnerability:

The necessity for another hydropower plant in Montenegro, already generating 40 to 60 per cent of its electricity from hydropower, remains unclear. This high dependence on hydropower makes Montenegro exceptionally vulnerable to climate change, evident in its considerable annual fluctuation in generation (refer to Annex 2). The lack of economic viability evidence for Komarnica further raises concerns, emphasizing the urgent need for diversification in renewable sources.

Environmental Impact on Protected Areas:

The Komarnica project threatens to flood the Komarnica candidate Emerald Site (ME000000P), the Dragišnica and Komarnica Regional Park, and potentially impacts three Natura 2000 sites: Bukovica Valley and Vojnik Mountain under the Birds Directive, and the Komarnica and Pridvorica sites under the Habitats Directive. Despite being identified as an area for the expansion of the Durmitor National Park and UNESCO site, Komarnica holds only a 'Regional Park' status.

Biodiversity at Stake:

Home to numerous protected species such as wolves, bears, Balkan chamois, otters, stone crayfish, golden eagles, rock partridges, and corncrakes, the area's biodiversity faces imminent threat. The partial fieldwork conducted so far leaves the full extent of potential damage unknown. Unique caves and cliffs, integral to the region's biodiversity, would be submerged without comprehensive research.

Flawed Environmental Assessment and Legal Challenges:

The environmental assessment, released in February 2022, appears more as a promotional brochure than a scientifically rigorous study, leaving it susceptible to legal challenges. Organizations, including the Montenegrin Ecological Society, KOD, and the Nikšić Young Ecologists’ Association, filed a complaint with the Bern Convention in April 2022, asserting Montenegro's failure to safeguard the Komarnica Emerald Site and assess the project's impacts adequately.

Regulatory Gaps and Public Opposition:

Montenegro, under the Bern Convention and the EU Water Framework Directive, holds responsibilities to protect candidate Emerald sites and assess projects impacting Natura 2000 sites. The Komarnica environmental impact assessment lacks an 'appropriate assessment,' and projects affecting the river’s status require a detailed assessment under the EU Water Framework Directive. The current substandard environmental assessment positions the project for potential legal challenges, intensifying the growing public opposition to Komarnica.

Funding Uncertainty:

While the Montenegrin government sought funds for the project as a Flagship under the EU Economic and Investment Plan, the European Commission has clarified that none of the proposed greenfield hydropower projects, including Komarnica, has received endorsement for funding within the Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF). The funding source for the project remains entirely uncertain.

Current Hydro Dam Mitigation Challenges

Environmental Threats in Protected Areas:

Many proposed hydropower projects are situated in protected areas or regions of significant ecological importance, raising concerns about potential violations of international conventions such as the Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, EU directives (Habitats, Birds, and Water Framework), and national legislation. The construction of these projects poses a substantial risk to freshwater ecosystems, endangering 49 fish species, including 18 endemic ones, with the looming threat of extinction.

Lack of Comprehensive River Basin Management:

None of the Western Balkan countries has comprehensive river basin management plans covering all rivers, leaving many rivers without any such plans. Additionally, the legal protection of Emerald/Natura 2000 Network sites within national legislation is lacking. Despite these gaps, there has been a notable improvement in understanding the value of critical rivers and developing mechanisms to shield them from hydropower projects. The public's effective opposition has successfully halted numerous projects in areas rich in biodiversity (refer to details below).

Legislative Changes and Increasing Opposition:

Recent legislative changes in several countries have raised barriers for investors pursuing environmentally damaging projects. Bulgaria, through its Water Act, has explicitly forbidden the construction of new plants in Natura 2000 sites. Western Balkan countries have, to some extent, incorporated EU nature legislation, with ongoing efforts to complete this alignment. The Ombla hydropower plant in Croatia serves as a prime example, having been halted after a comprehensive Appropriate Assessment revealed significant unmitigable negative impacts.

Debunking the Mitigation Myth:

The belief in mitigating biodiversity impacts through hydropower has been debunked by scientific studies. Even with the most advanced fish pass systems, dams still inflict severe harm on fish species, with over half of individuals either perishing or unable to utilize the facility. These findings underscore the inadequacy of mitigation measures associated with hydropower projects. The scientific consensus now emphasizes that the only effective means to fully restore biodiversity is the removal of dams.

Climate Vulnerability & Challenges Of Hydropower Dependence In A Changing Climate

Neglected Climate Considerations:

Governments and utility companies advocating for new greenfield hydropower projects in southeast Europe often overlook a critical factor — climate change and the escalating vulnerability of the hydropower sector. Despite the impending risks, there is a notable dearth of information on the future susceptibility of hydropower to climate change in this region.

Projections and Vulnerabilities:

Existing studies suggest a significant reduction in water availability over summer months across the Balkans by the century's end. Northern Balkan regions may experience an increase in spring and winter riverine flood risk. A global study indicates substantial decreases in annual discharge in the Western Balkans, exceeding 45 percent in a 4°C world.

Current Production Variability:

Countries highly dependent on hydropower, such as Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro, already witness significant production fluctuations. Figure 1 illustrates how hydropower generation, especially in Montenegro, is nearly halved during years with the lowest precipitation compared to those with the highest. This variability complicates energy planning for utilities, leading to uncertainties and potential reliance on costly electricity imports during periods of low precipitation.

Dwindling Resilience Despite Capacity Growth:

Albania's addition of around 600 MW in large plants and several hundred megawatts in smaller plants barely translated to an increase in average hydropower generation from 2010 to 2020. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Montenegro, where smaller hydropower plants were added, generation even declined.

Impact of Climate Events on Energy Crisis:

Several countries faced energy emergencies and crises due to climate-related events. Albania declared an energy emergency in 2021 and halted generation at state-owned hydropower plants in 2022 due to drought. North Macedonia and Serbia experienced historical lows in hydropower reservoirs, exacerbating energy crises and issues with non-renewable sources.

Insufficient Adaptation Measures:

While Albania has started encouraging solar and wind projects to diversify its renewable energy supply, it continues planning new greenfield hydropower plants. Hydropower project promoters generally underestimate climate change threats, evident in outdated environmental impact assessments (EIAs) that rely on pre-1990 data and often omit analyses of climate change impacts, including drought and extreme weather events.

Cumulative Impact Oversight:

There's a lack of cumulative impact assessments, particularly in strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) related to energy plans and programs. The region rarely conducts SEAs, and even when performed, they tend to validate existing plans rather than genuinely assessing impacts. EIAs, mandated to identify cumulative impacts, frequently fall short. They rarely distinguish individual project impacts from combined impacts with other projects in the same river basin, neglecting the competitive demands on diminishing water supplies.

Elevated Risks and Structural Concerns:

The oversight in considering climate impacts heightens the risk of lower-than-expected water supply for hydropower, leading to reduced electricity generation and income. It also increases the vulnerability of downstream areas to structural damage from flooding and property destruction. Addressing these concerns is crucial for the sustainable development of hydropower projects in the context of a changing climate.

Riverlov Sourcode